Examples Of Fulfilling The American Dream In The Great Gatsby

Fulfilling The American Dream What is the American Dream? The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald was published in 1925. The novel takes place in New York, during the roaring ‘20’s of the 1900’s. The novel is about a young man named Gatsby who tries to gain back love from a woman named Daisy Buchanan. The American Dream is a reoccurring symbol throughout this book. The characters in the novel all had their very own ways of interpreting the American Dream. Characters like Nick Carraway, Gatsby, and Daisy Buchanan all had different ways of fulfilling the American Dream. Nick Carraway is the narrator of the novel. Nick is young man who is from Minnesota, he attended Yale and fought in World War 1. Nick moved to New York City to be in the†¦show more content†¦Gatsby is one of the main characters of the novel. Gatsby is a man that is attractive, young, but also a bit mysterious. Gatsby is more of a quiet and simple man. The American Dream was a way for Gatsby to show his wants and needs. Gatsby fulfilled the American Dream by never giving up hope. He was a man that kept trying even through rough patches. According to Gatsby, â€Å" It doesn’t matter anymore. Just tell him the truth-that you never loved him-and it’s all wiped out forever† (Fitzgerald, 132). Gatsby wanted Daisy to tell Tom that she never loved him, that way Gatsby could have what he wants. He wanted Daisy to be his and not Tom’s. Gatsby was not willing to give up on trying to make Daisy his again. Gatsby shows his willingness to never give up, even when he thought everything was going to fail. To never give up is a wonderful thing but not every view of Gatsby’s American Dream was like this one. Gatsby always had his mind stuck in the past. He was afraid to let go of everything that was important to him throughout the years. Gatsby seemed to have kept trying to repeat the past throughout the novel. Gatsby says, â€Å"I’m going to f ix everything just the way it was before, he said nodding determinedly, she’ll see† (Fitzgerald, 110). Gatsby wanted the past, it was really all he could think about. He thought about his past with Daisy and how he wanted everything to just be like that again. Gatsby didn’t want to give up onShow MoreRelated Green Light in The Great Gatsby Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe Green Light in The Great Gatsby       The image of the green light in the novel Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a significant symbol which reflects Gatsbys dream and other aspects beyond Gatsbys longing.   Throughout the novel Fitzgerald uses many other images or symbols.   At first, it may seem very basic, but when the symbol is closely studied, one may see the deeper meaning found within it. Fitzgerald uses these symbols to make a point across to the readerRead MoreShortcuts In The Great Gatsby Analysis1448 Words   |  6 Pagesrushed. Throughout The Great Gatsby, one of the most prominent themes is that of the American Dream- a so called sense of achievement and reward free to anyone who works for it. Though this idea is nice, the novel goes to show that this concept is very warped and often either unreachable or grabbed for sloppily by taking shortcuts to happiness. Whether this refers to Daisy and Tom, who use other methods to find entertainment as opposed to working for real relationships, Gatsby, who pines over an unachievableRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1119 Words   |  5 Pagesmost Americans cared about their wealth and social standing. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the characters striving for happiness, love, and wealth, in which none of the characters can have all of the options in the life they have. He does this to exp lain his own struggle with his American dream by never having a lot of money, never being a very successful writer, and losing his golden girl. Fitzgerald portrays his pessimistic view on the struggle of fulfilling the American dreamRead More The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald. Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald aims to show that the myth of the American dream is fading away. The American values of brotherhood and peace have been eradicated and replaced with ideas of immediate prosperity and wealth. Fitzgerald feels that the dream is no longer experienced and that the dream has been perverted with greed and malice. The Great Gatsby parallels the dreams of America with the dream of Jay Gatsby in order to show the fallacies that lie in bothRead MoreAnalytical Essay On The Great Gatsby1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, is hailed as a masterpiece of American fiction. The author, F. Scott Fitzgerald offers up a commentary on the American society of which he was a part. He successfully encapsulates the mood of a generation during a politically and socially crucial and chaotic period of American history. In fact, The Great Gatsby stands as a brilliant piece of English literature, offering a vivid peek into American life in the 1920s. Fitzgerald carefully setsRead MoreThe American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald1134 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies, the interpretation and perception of the American Dream has changed considerably and frequently. From the vision of individual betterment in 1774, to African-American civil rights in 1963, the American Dream has and will continue to alter, as the country evolves. However, the basis of the American Dream has remained the same, with the set of ideals being democracy, rights, liberty, opportunity and equality. In addition to t he ideals, the Dream is believed to be, that anyone has the abilityRead MoreDreaming the Dream in The Great Gatsby, and Of Mice and Men1194 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream has long been thought the pinnacle idea of American society. The idea that anyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, or financial status, could rise from the depths and become anything they wanted to be with no more than hard work and determination has attracted people from all around the world. Two writers from America’s past, however, have a different opinion on the once-great American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck have given the public their beliefs on theRead More Use of Metaphor, Symbols and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Metaphor and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚     Some novels have more of an impact in modern society than when they were originally written. This is especially true with Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Modern society can be termed corrupt, complete with tainted morals and an overemphasis on the acquisition of money and friends. Fitzgerald seeks the root of the problem and wants the reader to ponder whether he or she wants money and social status or fulfillment and truth. In his questRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream Lives On Since 1776, the â€Å"American Dream† has continued to evolve. Originally, our forefathers intended the American Dream to be a country where individuals were free from the tyranny of royalty and nobility, working as a part of a whole, making everyone comfortable and happy - all men created equal with equal opportunity. Over the years, this original intent has continued to change. In 1931, James Truslow Adams stated that the American Dream means that, â€Å"life should be betterRead MoreExamples Of Green Light In The Great Gatsby954 Words   |  4 Pagesonly one thing that sets them apart, distance. In a symbolic way, dreams relate with this example. Every person is a star that is trying to reach the moon or a dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts the American Dream as untrue through Jay Gatsby’s persistence, difficulties, and corruption, to grant his desires. (pg.93) Jay Gatsby is in love with Daisy a wealthy woman married to another man, Tom. Although, Gatsby has not seen Daisy for five years he is still hopeful one day he

Excessive Political Correctness Essay - 1534 Words

Excessive Political Correctness Companies are afraid. Very afraid. They are not offending anyone, catering to all ethnicities, cultures, and backgrounds, and being â€Å"politically correct† in every sense of the word. In fear of offending any potential customers they might have, companies adopt an â€Å"all-inclusive† approach to their image. Advertisements depicting groups of people of identical race have become an endangered species; all walks of life are being crammed into any group of people representing a logo. This practice may seem insignificant, but it has infiltrated everything, everywhere, and has reached an unrealistic level. Burger King had good intentions in creating the Kid’s Club in 1990. The group pictured below†¦show more content†¦The BK Kid’s Club was the beginning of an era. Other companies began scrambling to represent all ethnic groups in advertisements that might boost sales of their product, and always depicted this hand-chosen group of diverse p eople having the time of their lives together, mingling without any racial tension and enjoying the product being pushed. The Limited Too ad above is a classic example of the â€Å"over-P.C.† advertisement. It shows a White, Black, and Asian girl, hugging each other while laughing and smiling—probably about their wonderful clothes that obviously any girl can wear. The girl in the center is even wearing a shirt that reads â€Å"Best Friends Forever†, a subtle indicator that the three girls are BFFL (Best Friends For Life). To add insult to injury, Limited Too recycles this theme and uses the three girls again in another version of the initial advertisement, shown here. It’s pretty safe to say that a Hispanic girl would have been added to the shots if the text at the right wasn’t immediately necessary. At first glance the American Eagle advertisement above seems to only be targeting the average, rambunctious, White teenager just looking for a wh olesome good time playing tug-of-war—but look again. The girl to the left sports an afro any proud African-American woman might, representing AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Delicate Little Flowers On Today s College Campuses1820 Words   |  8 PagesFor one thing, in the op-ed â€Å"Can We Start Taking Political Correctness Seriously Now?† the author Chait summarizes that the protesters in the student demonstration at the University of Missouri besieged a photographer. Most supporters on the left think that young people want to keep themselves from any offense, and they believe that political correctness only occurs on campus; however, the truth is that political correctness will spread beyond the campuses. Next, Chait compares the Columbia eventRead MorePolitical Correctness in Oleanna Essay686 Words   |  3 Pagespresents political correctness in this extract and elsewhere in the play. Political correctness features prominently within the play. Political correctness was seen as a highly controversial issue in the late 1980s to the early 1990s and was argued within a 1992 essay collection, debating political correctness, that it was â€Å"The most important discussion in American education†. This was perhaps due to the numerous amounts of opinions on whether or not political correctness was right. Political correctnessRead MoreCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern sense, political correctness has become a form of censorship. With protestors forcing students to find alternate routes to school or pushing the administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primarily not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. InRead MoreCultural Marxism : Old New Ideas Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesThe communists became progressives, minority interests replaced those of the workers and equality, diversity and multiculturalism is the new ‘quiet revolution.’ Cultural Marxism: Old new ideas A repudiation of Marxist economic based philosophy (political) that argues if culture is a social construction, then it can also be deconstructed (cultural). Following the failure of the Bolshevik revolution across Europe in 1923, the Institute for Social Research was set up in Germany by Jewish Marxist theoristsRead MoreThe Novel 1984 by George Orwell Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages 1984, Orwell’s last and perhaps greatest work, deals with drastically heavy themes that still terrify his audience after 65 years. George Orwell’s story exemplifies excessive power, repression, surveillance, and manipulation in his strange, troubling dystopia full of alarming secrets that point the finger at totalitarian governments and mankind as a whole. What is even more disquieting is that 1984, previously considered science fiction, has in so many ways become a recognizable reality. OrwellRead MoreLanguage in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesMark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is arguably the best piece of American Literature ever written. However, the excessive use of the ‘n-word’ has caused a dispute on whether the book should be censored to fit the demands of modern day readers who hope to make an edited version without the slur. The release of an edited version will reduce the message Twain is relaying to his audience. Twain’s choice of language allows the reader to travel back in time to the 1800’s andRead MoreThe Crisis Behind Us Liberal Beliefs1152 Words   |  5 Pagesbroadcast, resembling a fairy tale Alice in Wonderland scenario. If political correctness decides content, the media is the method of delivery. Those who have the power to reach minds, also have the power to alter them. Amid the relentless onslaught of propaganda, the rapid changes in society produce general indifference and become passively accepted by a largely apathetic population already indoctrinated with cultural Marxism and political nihilism. Conversely, the controlled mass media propaganda ofRead MoreFahrenheit 451 : Technology And Happiness1177 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"click, clack† of the keyboard and the click of a mouse. It is easy to find views that contradict one’s own. Behind the safety of an avatar, or an email, it is simple to criticize any work. Political correctness is a concept encouraged in the simplicity of technology. And perhaps, it is political correctness which tears apart and inhibits the expression of the self, leading to suppression and depression. Technology is the vector by which expression can be a llowed or burned into ashes. Like a mosquitoRead MoreThe Power Of Police Officers954 Words   |  4 PagesIn a society that craves more freedom and yearns for political correctness, the visible breakdown of the judicial role is evident; absolute freedom is no better than chaos. However, in the absence of order, the individuals that we have placed in a position to protect and serve can no longer do just that. Instead, they are bound by laws that do not have their best interests in mind and restrictions have been put in place that makes it difficult for them to do their job. The job comes with obviousRead MoreThe Bill of Rights of 16891052 Words   |  5 Pagesparliamentary monarchy system in England. It established the rules for royal succession and set out the legal base for the protection of the rights of the individuals. At the beginning of the document we clearly distinguish a thorough description of the political background that led to the making of it. Referring to the King James II and the atrocities that he committed, it mentions the suspension of laws without the approval of the Parliament and the unlawful punishment of those who dared to petition the

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest - Dr Spivey Interior Monologue free essay sample

Dr. Spivey sits down at his desk and puts his glasses on. He shuffles his papers and begins to review the events of the previous weeks in his journal. Spivey then contemplates the letter requesting his resignation. These past weeks have been hard on everyone. As much as Mr. McMurphy has changed this ward for good, there are moments when I wish he had never been committed. Before McMurphy there had been an age of oppression. The patients’ life schedules were forced down their throat, whether they liked it or not, by the immense form of Nurse Ratched. Each day was a game of cat and mouse, a patient grows restless, speaks up, only to be on the receiving end of Nurse Ratched and her accusing gaze. This life, while hardly free, was safe. And safe is what these patients need in this difficult part of their lives. Receiving this letter asking for my resignation brings out mixed emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Dr Spivey Interior Monologue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I hated this job, for a very long time. That part of me wants to accept and be done with this whole damned hospital. Then I think of what happened to McMurphy, what she did to him. If he could lead the stand against Nurse Ratched, surely I could finish it? When I first met Mr. McMurphy I was quite skeptical of his self-diagnosed insanity. He showed tremendous self-confidence and had a certain charisma not often seen in the mentally unstable. Furthermore, Nurse Ratched’s intimidating presence seemed to have no effect on him. When I think back now, to how everything was before we met McMurphy, I wonder how he did it. At the time the patients thought him as some sort of hero, superhuman even. I laughed such notions off at first, considering them to be the desperate thoughts of the weak and unstable. But then he died. Every day his ghost grows larger and more powerful. And as this memory grows, so do the patients. You see it, in the way they talk, the way they hold the once overpowering gaze of Nurse Ratched with ease. We’ve had three voluntary’s leave the ward already since McMurphy arrived here, their own decisions, not mine, not the Nurse’s. Who could accomplish so much in so little time but a hero? When McMurphy saved these patients, he threw away his mind. He lost his sanity so the others may find theirs. In the same way that our so called ‘patients’ grew, Nurse Ratched has shrunk. Her once total domination of this ward has been reduced to a token leader, with next to no power thanks to McMurphy. He did more than physically assault the Nurse, he tore down the walls she had built around this ward. Not just figuratively either, I will always remember the time McMurphy first put his fist through the glass barricade, shattering it into a thousand pieces. From that day on the difference between the patients and us staff became less and less obvious. From day one that was McMurphy’s goal, and by god he did it. Whether it was the games of blackjack or the vote to watch the World Series, one by one each patient became a man. Despite the positives that came out of this adventure, sacrifices have been made. What Nurse Ratched did to young Billy was monstrous. If McMurphy hadn’t been there first I might have choked her myself! Billy was the most obvious improvement to come from his presence here in the ward. How can one untrained man provide better therapy in months than we can in years? If there is just one reason to fight for this job, it’s for Billy. McMurphy has given me a motivation I haven’t had since medical school. I actually want to help people! If there’s one thing I owe these patients it’s my time. Billy took his life after a night of living, of being a man for the first time in his life. I will not let the memory of Billy or McMurphy be trodden into the ground. I will never bow down to Nurse Ratched again. Tears up letter of resignation and throws into bin.

Othello Paper Essays - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Roderigo

Othello Paper Othello, the Moor of Venice December 13, 1999 Iago (Othello's ensign) uses love against Othello (general of the Venetian army) to cause him to experience jealousy. He not only utilizes the Moor's love for Desdemona, but also his love for Iago and their friendship ?My lord, you know I love you(1.3.117) Funny enough, Iago gives warning to Othello of the very negative emotion that he hopes to inflict upon him! (1.3.166).?Oh beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-ey'd monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on The first time that Iago's plan is seen is (3.3.33). Iago: ?Ha! I like not that!? Othello: What dost thou say Iago: ?Nothing my lord: or if-Know not what. Othello: Was not that Cassio parted from my wife Iago: Cassio, my lord! No, sure, I cannot think it, that would steal away so guilty-like, seeing you coming. He continues his manipulating of his friend (3.3.95). Iago: ?Did Michael Cassio, when you woo'd my lady, know of your love Othello: ?He did, from first too last: why dost thou ask Iago: ?But for a satisfaction of my thought; no further harm.? Othello: ?Why of thy thought, Iago Iago: ?I did not think he had been aquatinted with her.? Othello: ? O, yes; and went between us very oft.? See how he makes it almost seem as though Othello discovered this out on his own and Iago seems as a mere friend when the find is made. Iago's true nature is seen at this point. Iago refers to himself as a devil, but to say that he is bad because he is bad doesn't explain why he is repeatedly explains himself to himself. Your honest friend is one who is always there for you and who will always tell you the truth. Iago has a reputation for honesty and uses it for dishonest purposes. His nature is ugly in the way that compares others to animals, especially when referring to their sexuality. Othello is a military man who is often looked at with respect in this category. However, when taken away from the military eye where he offers so much safety, he is constantly mentioned by his color in a degrading way. Brabantio, Desdemona's father uses ?Moor? as a derogatory name for Othello, but Othello is called other things, including ?my lord? and ?general?. After the first two scenes of the play, Othello's color is rarely mentioned, so we may forget that when the play is seen Othello's blackness always makes him different from everyone else. Reference to him as ?the M oor? emphasized that difference, but it is emphasized in other ways, as well. He is strong and firm in character but also has a loving side where Desdemona ( Othello's wife, Brabantio's daughter) comes into play. He came from a loving mother and father which was mentioned in the importance of ?the handkerchief? In Shakespeare's time obedience was though to be one of a woman's primary values, and Desdemona thinks herself to be as obedient, but as in the case with her father, she seems to have her own interpretation of what that means. She is beautiful, both in body and spirit. It's not something she mentions, or even seems to be aware of, buy it affects how others treat her and think of her. Desdemona spends much of her time making a case, for herself, for Cassio, and finally for Othello. Iago's devilish character is seen throughout the play. Towards the end of scene two in which Iago brings about Cassio's downfall, he persuades Cassio to appeal to Desdemona, and plans to make Othello believe that Caossio and Desdemona are having an affair. Then he says, ?By the mass, ?tis morning;?Pleasure and action make the hours seem short? (2.3.378-379). In other words, he's been having so much fun during his busy night, so the time has just flown by. In the last scene of the play, after Iago's treachery has been proven, Othello says to Lodovico, ? Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil?Why he hath thus ensnared my soul and body? (5.2.300-302). Iago's reply is famous. He says, ?Demand me nothing: what you know , you know:?From this time forth I never will speak word.?

Thousand Pieces of Gold Essays

Thousand Pieces of Gold Essays Thousand Pieces of Gold Paper Thousand Pieces of Gold Paper Essay Topic: Chinatown First she lived in China with her family. Her family is poor so she fears that she is going to lose her home. When she gets sold she loses her home and her family. She wants to escape from the bandits and run back home, but she escape. Then she get? bought and sent to the united States. She still thinks her home Is back In China and she plans to gather gold and use It to buy her way back there. She meets Jim, who to free her, but he dies and that ends her hope of going back to China. The person who buys her was Hong King, and Poly lives in the back mom of his saloon. After Charlie frees Poly, they live together and she realize her home is in the United States. They marry and move to Salmon Canyon to farm. Lulu lost her home, but eventually finds one with Charlie where she can be free. Lulu loses her first home in China tragically. Lulu gets caught by the bandit leader when she runs out of her hiding place to get a basket of potatoes. The bandit leader is Chin, her old laborer. Father tries to be brave and stand up for Lulu, but Chin threatens to kill his whole family because he knows all the holding places. There begs to make him let her go, but Chin offers to pay for her. Lulu tries to persuade him to let her go, but he refuse. Then Chin calls Ouzo to bring some seeds and throw them in front of father. ? stared at her father, willing him not to pick them up. He reached out, hesitated, then looked up at Lulu, his eyes pleading for understanding. She twisted her face away, a sob strangling in her throat. Behind her, she heard him snatch the bag an d scoop up the spilled 50) Her father has to decide between his daughter and the survival of the rest of the family. It shows how she is leaving her mom. Lulu is happy with her family, but her father sells her and she loses it. She is thrown out of the house Like not family. She loses her home for two bags of seeds. She come back to the family If she really wanted too. Now that she Is sold she go back to her family, because she doses? belong to them anymore. Poly know where she belongs. Poly and Charlie are walking to the top of the hill, and when they get there and look down Poly sees that to the left is the white part of Warrens where she lives with Charlie. There they are celebrating the Fourth of July with loud music and fireworks. To the right is Chinatown where they any celebrating and are acting like it is a regular day. Remember one time a man bring a performing monkey to my village. The man divide the audience in two and give each side one end of a rope to hold. Then the monkey walk carefully back and forth between the two sides. At each end, he stop a little bit, but he cannot stay, and so he walk again until he so tired, he 178-179) Poly Is going back and forth between the Chinese and the whites. Poly lives with Charlie In the white part of Warrens, but she Is Chinese and works In Chinatown. She is stuck in the middle. She know where she belongs or where to call none. Poly has to save her own home with Charlie. Poly leads Charlie out the house because she has a surprise. They talk about the canyon and how the river is frozen. They talk about taking trips to the Hump. Then Poly says that the Hump the only place people take trips. Charlie says yes it is. Poly says that Charlie is going to Warrens to file the mining claim. She dragged away broken pine branches laden with clumps of new snow, revealing a ditch exactly four feet square and ten feet 235) She digs a ditch even though it was frozen solid. Chinese own land which means that Poly still free and still needs to be taken care of. With the mining claim Poly can own her own land, her own house and be free. She can protect her land from miners if they try to take their land. Lulu life is about making her own freedom. Lulu loses her family and her home in China. In Warrens Poly know were she belongs. Finally she realizes her home is with Charlie in Salmon Canyon. Poly is sold from her happy family and home and never allowed back. Poly is stuck between the whites and Chinese. She know were she belongs. She finds her home in Salmon Canyon with Charlie.

11 Motivational Quotes For When You Are Job Seeking

11 Motivational Quotes For When You Are Job Seeking Looking for a job is often a long and challenging process. One of the most difficult things about it is staying motivated when it just seems like you have spent hours formatting one line on your resume or sending out another cover letter. But it is important to remember that it takes a lot of work to find a good job, let alone one that is right for you and your career direction. When you are down, say some of these to yourself: 1. Live life as if everything is rigged in your favor. – Rumi  2. There is no hierarchy expect quality. – Arianna Huffington  3. Schedule your creative time. – John Legend  4. Nothing kills creativity more than stress. – Arianna Huffington  5. There is only one way to avoid criticism: Do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. – Aristotle  6. The person who says it cannot be done should not interrupt the person who is doing it. – Chinese Proverb  7. We become what we think about. – Earl Nightingale   8. If you’re going through hell, keep going. – Winston Churchill  9. Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them. – Unknown  10. Self expression is the new form of entertainment   11. Okay, the trampoline was a bad idea. But you know what? At least I’m out there trying new things. – Homer Simpson

Diversity in the United States Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity in the United States - Term Paper Example Diversity in the United States I had always known about the settlers from Europe and their conflict with the Native Indians in the early days, but I had not realized just how many different national origins have made up the people of the modern United States. Looking at modern American culture, with such different styles as Hollywood films, rappers, classical orchestras and all kinds of local folk, country and rock music it is obvious that a creative mixture is going on. Learning about the different groups, such as Africans, British, Italians, Spanish, Japanese, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans etc, has opened my eyes to the rich cultural history that we all share. When I see this big range of cultures, this helps me to understand that immigration is a permanent and healthy tradition that America needs to manage well. People want to come here, because it is a great country to live in, but at the same time, we need to find ways to accept each other and get along peacefully together. My own background already combines two ve ry different cultures, since my parents are from the Philippines and Jordan. I grew up in a Muslim country, with a Muslim father and Christian mother. I can see that there are many differences between these two major religions, but what I have learned is that both of them have a belief in God, and both of them deserve our respect. I have seen how Muslims looked down on Christians (in Jordan) and Christians looked down on Muslims (in the United States) and this shows me that people are influenced by their own place of birth, rather than by any particular logic. I think my mother must have endured quite a lot of hardship to be married to my father and I think it took great courage for her to bring me to the United States and start a new life in a new country. She has been able to find a job, and I have been able to learn English, because this country welcomed us at a time when we needed a safe place to go to. Seeing this against the background of America’s history of diversity makes me very proud to have joined the many thousands who have brought their own culture into this country. I think that in the next thirty years or so there will be more immigrants to the US, including some from China, because of the attraction of the lifestyle and the freedom to think and speak what you want to. I hope that there will be a better agreement about immigrants from Mexico and the South American countries, because I believe that this has the potential to cause some tensions if it is not regulated properly. One big change that I see coming in the next thirty years is that there will be more people like myself who have a mixed heritage of more than one culture. Hispanic and Asian populations are growing faster, and so the proportion of these groups is likely to rise (Census Bureau, 2011). I think this is a good thing, and it will make people generally more tolerant. This is because second and third generation immigrants tend to marry outside of the narrow culture of thei r parents, and this will bring about more mixing of cultures, and more children who have the benefit of seeing things through different perspectives. A big challenge that the U.S. faces is the fact that different cultures have strong views about some issues, such as

Learning model 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning model 5 - Assignment Example Nearly all moves made by the managers will have political implications. Nearly all barriers to effective to effective performance of agency started out as reforms hence it is important for managers to consider this political history. The political cycles, especially the calendar of election influence organizational changes. Behn asserts that public managers seeking change in their organizations make progress often only through what is called groping along. This is because of political constraints or because of other considerations (pp. 413). Behn argues that, â€Å"change in public organizations often is not so much a matter of rational planning in which a manager considers all courses f action and then settles on a strategy that guides his or her future actions. In this respect, Aristigueta et al. (2012, pp. 413) says that â€Å"instead, a good manager has a very good sense of his objectives but lacks a precise idea of realizing them.† Light carried out a study in twenty six public and nonprofit organizations in which organization had become a way of life. According to the findings of Light, these organizations followed many of the same prescriptions of for organizational change including paying attention to political change (Aristigueta et al., 2012, pp. 413).The recommendations given by Light for creating the freedom to imagine were democratize which required the sifting from centralized rule to a more participatory style, prime organizations among others. Denhardt and Denhardt found that many in public organizations are risk averse. These public organizations like their business organizations counterparts are place a high value on not â€Å"rocking the boat† (Aristigueta et al., 2012, pp. 413). The mangers who are interested in encouraging innovation must take special measures to encourage the employees to value change and even to take risks. Denhardt and Denhardt say that both change and innovations should be valued in order to realize succe ss (Aristigueta et al., 2012, pp. 414). â€Å"Borins reviewed a sample of semifinalists’ applications for the Ford Foundations-Kennedy School of Government state and local government innovation awards. According to the findings of Borins, a large portion of the innovation that had occurred was due to the initiation by public servants at the middle management level or on the front line. It is on this basis that Aristigueta et al. (2012, pp. 414) claim that â€Å"Borins argued that as the public organizations devolved authority and responsibility through the organization, they are likely to experience even more innovation.† Borins wrote, â€Å"Politicians initiate in times of crisis, agency head when they take over the reins or in an organizational change context and middle-level and frontline public servants develop innovative responses as needed to solve internal problems or take advantage of opportunities† (Aristigueta et al., 2012, pp. 414). 2. Describe four key insights for working with the media? Under what condition/situation is it most useful to use (a) television, (b) print, (c) on-line, (d) radio, and (e) press conferences? A significant and increasing part of success of any particular public organization will depend on the effectiveness of its members in working with others. They include the citizens, other public agencies, the governing body, private and nonprofit groups and associations and the media

Evidence Based Practice in Mental Health Nursing Essay Example for Free

Evidence Based Practice in Mental Health Nursing Essay One of the most common and disabling psychological disorders encountered within mental health and general medical settings is that of an anxiety disorder (Dattilio Kendall 2000). Research has indicated that people with learning disabilities are more prevalent to psychological disorders than the general population (Hassiotis et al 2000) consequently it could be hypothesised that prevalence rates of anxiety disorders are similar if not greater within the learning disabled population. Professional literature suggests that cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) has been an effective treatment against anxiety disorder (Beck 1995) however; this literature has predominately concentrated its focus to within the confines of mental health and general medical settings (Dattilio Kendall 2000). The ability of people with learning disabilities to identify, evaluate and respond to their dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs, fundamentals of CBT (Beck 1995) have put into question the very use of this treatment programme for this particular client group (Kroese et al 1997). From a professional and personal perspective and through the utilisation of the Seedhouse (1998) Ethical Grid responding to an anxiety disorder by way of CBT could be considered an ethically acceptable clinical intervention. Nationally and locally through government directives, Valuing People (Department of Health 2001) and initiatives such as Health Action Plans (Department of Health 2002) services have recognised that they need to be more responsive to the mental health needs of people with learning disabilities. As a learning disability nurse wishing to ascertain the effectiveness of CBT as a practical intervention when presented with the dual-diagnosis of anxiety disorder and learning disability, is through the use of evidence-based practice. When deciding on the best possible clinical intervention for an identified practice problem it seams logical to convert the issue into a single answerable question (Colyer Kamath 1999). Several authors have identified that the use of frameworks to inform the development of the clinical question provide the practitioner with a systematic process of formulating an answerable question (Sackett et al 1997 Ridsdale1998). One such framework as described by Sackett et al (1997) is a four- stage process, known by the acronym PICO: Patient or Population Intervention or Indicator Comparison or Control Outcome The construction of an answerable question is the basis of evidence-based practice and should guide the practitioner to how to find an answer (Ridsdale 1998). It is important that each variable under the PICO framework is clearly defined, being as detailed and explicit as possible in order to extend clarification to the question. Working through PICO methodically the practitioner would instigate the process by defining the Patient or Population. Characteristics such age, gender and diagnosis would need to be deliberated and whilst the aforementioned were easily recognised in the practice area as adult male, identifying appropriate terminology for diagnosis can prove problematic. The term Learning Disability is often used interchangeably in literature with terms such as, Mental Retardation and Intellectual Disabilities. Learning Disability is a term with contemporary usage within the United Kingdom to describe a client group with significant development delays (Gates 1996). Whilst the idiom Learning Disability is the preferred terminology for the question due to its contemporary usage it must be accepted that its a term not internationally recognised nor is it a term used for long in the United Kingdom (Gates 1996). Anxiety disorder comes in many facets and can be described as severe psychological disorders in which abnormal or chronic anxiety interferes with daily living (Adams Bromley 1998). The client in the practice area had described psychological and physiological symptoms that were diagnosed as a social anxiety disorder through rating scales and self-report measures. It is crucial that the practitioner is aware that the term identified for the question as social anxiety is often recognised by the synonyms, social phobia or panic disorder (Dattilio Kendall 2000). The recognition of this inconsistent terminology will enable an evaluation to  take place between the relationships of the chosen term to symptoms displayed by the client. The identification of existing clinical interventions is a valuable part of the process of developing evidenced-based interventions (Meijel 2003). Literature suggests that CBT is an effective treatment for a number of psychological disorders (Embling 2002 Hatton 2002). Central to the model of CBT is that distorted or dysfunctional thinking is prevalent in all psychological disorders (Beck 1995). Analysis of accumulated experience of existing interventions and the aforementioned evidence of its validity led to the application of CBT as the question intervention. It is not imperative for the question to have a comparison intervention and this was the situation in the clinical problem described, therefore the conclusive element utilising the PICO framework was outcome. The outcome should be measurable (Sackett et al 1997) and after initially trivialising with the term used it became evident that this would not develop into something that could be measured. Discussing whether or not an intervention is effective however would provide the question with a measurable outcome. Revision of the terminology identified through the PICO framework would consequently translate the question as Is cognitive-behaviour therapy an effective intervention for adult males with learning disabilities diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety? A well-formulated search strategy is an essential component in gathering appropriate evidence (Hewitt-Taylor 2002). Ridsdale (1998) discusses a four-stage search strategy that helps to translate the question into a meaningful search a) Identify the subject elements of the question b) Define the relationship between the subject elements c) Convert the subject elements into search themes d) Decide on the scope of the search Assistance to define the subject elements can be found within the PICO framework Patient Learning Disability, Social Anxiety Intervention CBT Outcome Effectiveness Once identified an effective means of linking the subject elements of a question for the search process is through the use of operators. Operators such as: And Or Not, form a logical link between the elements of the question and can be used collectively or individually in any electronic database search (Ridsdale 1998). All of the subject elements of the question were required in order provide a conclusive answer therefore the operator required for the search strategy could be identified as And. The subject elements then require conversion into terms by which references can be retrieved (Ridsdale 1998). A keyword search would apply the terms identified as the subject elements, however making a list of the known synonyms of the subject elements such as Intellectual Disability and Mental Retardation, for inclusion, would substantially develop the search process. Finally the scope of the search decides what is wanted from the search. In order to identify the most appropriate type of evidence that is required for the practice problem the type of question asked must be identified (Sackett et al 1997). The question developed through the PICO framework can be readily identified as questioning, the effectiveness of a therapy. Sackett et al (1997) proposes that the best available evidence to answer this type of question is comparative / prospective studies and ideally random controlled trials (RCTs) which in turn determine the choice of database (Ridsdale 1998). Sackett et al (1997) provides a comprehensive catalogue of information resources such as databases, journals and web sites along with descriptions  of the type of evidence that can be found within these resources. It was established previously that the best type of evidence for the question would be RCTs and comparative / prospective studies. From the descriptions supplied by Sackett et al (1997) it could be identified that the Cochrane Library supplies the user with full text systematic reviews of effects of health-care interventions along with bibliographies of controlled trials. Further electronic databases identified through Salford University library information services were PsycINFO that contains citations and summaries of journal articles and books in the field of psychology chosen for its congruity with the clinical intervention. Swetswise an electronic journal aggregator that provides access to full text publications from several major health care related academic publishers and IngentaConnect which offers full text availability for all core Blackwell science and medical journals were chosen due to familiarity of use and extensive subject matter. Other databases considered were CINAHL, EMBASE and AMED however all were discounted due to their general nursing bias. Despite the recognition of Ridsdales (1998) four-stage search strategy and its systematic approach the initial search were completed exploiting familiar strategies through the IngentaConnect database. Preconceptions from previous endeavours searching for relevant evidence furnished the belief that a similar strategy would provide sufficient evidence to answer the question. A number of the subject elements were used through keyword searches whilst the operator And was used to link each in turn (See Appendix). This easy to use search strategy produced a number of hits however none matched the criteria identified as being the most appropriate type of evidence to answer the question. The search revealed that almost all of the evidence found belonged in either mental health (Heimberg 2002) or general medical settings (Scholing Emmelkamp 1999). Whenever the term learning disability or mental retardation was utilised they invariable appeared indiscriminately amidst the title or abstract of the article providing no specific relevance to the question. The frustration born out of this strategy led to further searches of electronic databases firstly through another familiar database, Swetswise. Ridsdale (1998) identifies that too many hits will be recovered if the subject element is to general  and this was evident in the first keyword search. The term learning disabilities produced 548 hits (See Appendix) far too many to feasibly scan. The subsequent four searches failed to produce a single hit a possibility also recognised by Ridsdale (1998) who suggests alternative synonyms are utilised in this circumstance. Due to the inability to find any relevant material of value towards answering the question Ridsdales (1998) four-stage strategy was then conscientiously adopted in conjunction with the knowledge acquired through lectures received at Salford University. A further search of Swetswise database was completed (See Appendix) which revealed significantly less hits than previously achieved but produced a literature review (Hatton 2002) specifically aimed at the use of CBT and people with learning disabilities. Whilst this evidence did not fulfil previous identified criteria it established that pursuing Ridsdales (1998) strategy could provide some success. A similar approach was undertaken while searching the Cochrane Library database which allows the user to restrict the search to the acquisition of systematic reviews and controlled trials whilst using a simple keyword option. Again the subject elements were utilised along with the recognised operator and despite new found confidence and kno wledge the search strategy revealed no evidence of systematic reviews or RCTs with regards to the question (See Appendix). All systematic reviews or RCTs retrieved belonged within general and mental health settings. The final electronic database to be utilised was PsycINFO (via Ovid) where again Ridsdales (1998) four-stage strategy was conscientiously adopted. PsycINFO requires the user to have some prior knowledge of how to use electronic databases and their search strategies, which initially can prove bewildering to the novice. Once familiar with the database and its ability to combine search strategies either through keyword, journal or author the user should find it a practical resource (See Appendix). No systematic reviews or RCTs were found within the results however a further literature review (Feldman Rivas-Vazquez 2003) aimed at psychosocial interventions and people with intellectual disabilities was unearthed along with evidence from child and adolescence services (Dadds Spence 1997) and psychiatric services (Carmin Albano 2003). Hatton (2002) suggests that research evidence on the effects of psychosocial interventions  for people with learning disabilities is sparse, whilst Kroese (1998) adds that therapists are reluctant to engage into therapy with this client group due to their dislike of having to relate to them. In an attempt to discover any type of evidence relating to people with learning disabilities and CBT the Salford University library catalogue was searched (See Appendix). A simple keyword search revealed one book (Kroese et al 1997) attaining the subject elements however again it did not produce the type of evidence recognised as the most appropriate to answer the question. Sackett et al (1997 p.2) defines evidence based practice as: the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. With this definition in mind it should be established as to what constitutes current best evidence and its implications for the practitioner wishing to implement evidence based practice. Belsey Snell (2001 p.2) states that, evidence is presented in many forms and the value of evidence can be ranked according to the following classification in descending order of credibility: I. Strong evidence from at least one systematic review of multiple well-designed randomised controlled trials II. Strong evidence from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial of appropriate size III. Evidence from well-designed trials such as non-randomised trials, cohort studies, time series or matched case-controlled studies IV. Evidence from well-designed non-experimental studies from more than one centre or research group V. Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical evidence, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees In accepting this hierarchy of evidence practitioners should concede that the systematic review of multiple well-designed RCTs constitutes best available evidence (Colyer Kamath 1999). Sullivan (1998) adds weight to this argument when he states that RCTs constitute the strongest source of evidence and that the scientific community prefer the quantitative research technique that makes use of empirical data following a systematic process. Whilst a number of RCTs were found (Dadds Spence 1997 Scholing Emmelkamp 1999) whilst undertaking the search strategy none belonged within learning disability settings. The only evidence found specific to the original question were literature reviews and a specialist book (Kroese et al 1997) aimed at CBT and learning disabilities. The literature reviews (Hatton 2002 Kroese 1998) revealed that a number of case studies and a case series had demonstrated the potential feasibility of CBT reducing anxiety amongst people with learning disabilities. Whilst the specialist book (Kroese et al 1997) discussed conceptual and contextual issues of CBT and people with learning disabilities suffering anxiety disorders. This type of evidence appears in the lower reaches of the hierarchy of evidence and as such its subjectivity, reliability and validity can be disputed (Sullivan 1998). Whilst acknowledging the hierarchy of evidence and the proposal that comparative / prospective studies and ideally RCTs were the best forms of evidence to answer this type of question (Sackett et al 1997) it appears that in their absence the evidence revealed is the best available. RCTs are widely acknowledged as the gold standard of evidence-based practice (Rowland Goss 2000) however it is suggested that they bear little resemblance to day-to-day reality (McInnes et al 2001). RCTs can be pragmatic or explanatory the former is concerned with the overall effectiveness of an intervention whilst the latter examines the impact of specific treatment elements on outcome (Parry 2000) however neither considers the perspectives and uniqueness of the respondents. The evidence recovered for the question (Hatton 2002 Kroese 1998) albeit in the lower reaches of the hierarchy acknowledges the feelings of the respondents due to its qualitative nature (patient centred, holistic and humanistic) therefore making it extremely suitable for the study of nursing phenomena (Parahoo  1997) along with its relevance as regards answering a therapy question (Parry 2000). Kroese (1997) offers a number of reasons why there is this lack of quantitative research evidence surrounding the subject elements in the question. He suggests that people with a learning disability are a devalued population, it is impossible to ensure that changes are due to clinical manipulations if individuals (learning disabled) do not have stable cognitions. Finally there is a conjecture that anxiety in people with learning disabilities is the same as in the general population consequently there is no need for specifically focused research. It emerges that learning disability services continue to adapt research evidence from general and mental health settings (Finlay Lyons 2001) a similar approach with the RCTs recovered from the search strategy could make them a valued resource however it would take a skilled clinician to make this a feasible option. Reflection is a necessary component of Continuing Professional Development and is a legitimate method for questioning personal effectiveness and responsibility in all aspects of health care (Driscoll Teh 2001). Through the process of reflection the practitioner recognised his own limitations in identifying appropriate evidence for his clinical problems, along with the often inconclusive, time consuming and frustrating strategies undertaken in the search of evidence in support of his clinical practice. The structured frameworks utilised throughout the process described earlier gave the practitioner a systematic approach to formulating a question, developing a search strategy and identifying appropriate evidence to answer his practice problem. The ability to systematically approach future clinical problems will enable the practitioner to offer his clients a holistic, client centred practice from the best external evidence available. Adams, B. Bromley, B. (1998) Psychology for Health Care Key Terms and Concepts, London, Macmillan Press Beck, J.S. (1995) Cognitive Therapy Basics and Beyond, London, Guildford Press. Belsey, J. Snell, T. (2001) What is Evidence-Based Medicine? [Internet] Available from www.jr2.ox.uk/bandolier (Accessed 7th December 2004) Carmin, C.N. Albano, A.M. (2003) Clinical Management of Anxiety Disorder in Psychiatric Settings: Psychologys Impact on Evidence-Based Treatment of Children and Adults, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 2 pp 170-176. Colyer, H. Kamath, P. (1999) Evidence-based practice A philosophical and political analysis: some matters for consideration by professional practitioners, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 188-193 Dadds, M.R. Spence, S.H. (1997) Prevention and Early Intervention for Anxiety Disorders: A Controlled Trial, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 65, No. 4, pp 627-635. Dattilio, F.M. Kendall, P.C. (2000) Panic Disorder In: Dattilio, F.M. Freeman, A. Cognitive Behavioural Strategies in Crisis Interventions 2nd Edition, London, The Guildford Press. Driscoll, J. Teh, B. (2001) The potential of reflective practice to develop individual orthopaedic nurse practitioners and their practice, Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing, Vol. 5, pp 95-103 Embling, S. (2002) The effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy in depression, Nursing Standard, Vol. 17, Nos. 14-15, pp 33-41 Feldman, L.B. Rivas-Vazquez, R.A. (2003) Assessment and Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 396-405. Gates, B. (1996) Learning Disability In: Kenworthy, N. Snowley, G. Gilling, C. (Eds) Common Foundations Studies in Nursing Second Edition, London, Churchill Livingston. Hassiotis, A. Barron, P. OHara, J. (2000) Mental Health Services for People with Learning Disabilities, British Medical Journal, Vol. 321, Issue 7261, pp 583-584 Hatton, C. (2002) Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: A review, Journal of Mental Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp 357-373. Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2002) Evidence-based practice, Nursing Standard, Vol. 17, Nos. 14-15, pp 47-52. Department of Health (2001) Valuing People A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century, A White Paper, London, HMSO. Department of Health (2002) Health Action Plans and Health Facilitation Good Practice Guidance for Learning Disability Partnership Boards, London, Department of Health. Heimberg, R.G. (2002) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions, Society of Biomedical Psychiatry, Vol. 51, pp 101-108. Kroese, B.S. Dagnan, D. Loumidis, K. (1997) (Eds) Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities, London, Brunner-Routledge. Kroese, B.S. (1998) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol. 26, pp 315-322. McInnes, E. Harvey, G. Fennessy, G. Clark, E. (2001) Implementing evidence-based practice in clinical situations, Nursing Standard, Vol. 15, No. 41, pp 40-44. Meijel, van B. Game, C. Swieten-Duijfjes, van B. Grypdonck, M.H.F. (2003) The development of evidence-based nursing interventions: methodological considerations, Journal of Advance Nursing, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp 84-92. Parry, G. (2000) Evidence-based psychotherapy In: Rowland N. Goss S. (Eds) Evidence-Based Counselling and Psychological Therapies Research and Applications, London, Routledge. Ridsdale, L (1998) (Ed) Evidence-based Practice in Primary Care, London, Churchill Livingston. Rowland, N. Goss, S. (2000) (Eds) Evidence-Based Counselling and Psychological Therapies Research and Applications, London, Routledge. Sackett, D.L. Richardson, W.S. Rosenberg, W. Hayes, R.B. (1997) Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM, London, Churchill Livingston. Scholing, A. Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (1999) Prediction of treatment outcomes in social phobia: a cross-validation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 37, pp 659-670 Seedhouse, D. (1998) Ethics The Heart of Health Care 2nd Edition, Chichester, Wiley. Sullivan, P. (1998) Developing evidence-based care in mental health nursing, Nursing Standard, Vol. 12, No. 31, pp 35-38

Arbitration Clauses and Litigation :: Business Law Essays

Arbitration Clauses and Litigation More and more companies are including arbitrational clauses in their contracts. Whether it is in an employee application or an online selling website, arbitrational clauses are becoming abundant. But do these clauses hold up in the legal system? In the recent Paypal Corporation case, the arbitration clause was not enforced due to miniscule details such as clicking a mouse. The overruling of these clauses is becoming the norm as people are beginning to realize what they have gotten themselves into. The same type of arbitrational clause dispute as the Paypal Corporation occurred in the case of BellSouth Mobility LLC v. Christopher. BellSouth institutionalized an arbitrational clause in its service agreement that states that â€Å"instead of suing in court, company and customer agree to arbitrate any and all dispute†. In the event that the disagreement goes through arbitration, the arbitrator can not give punitive damages to the plaintiff as well as only receive a limited amount of recovery money. When Christopher brought the case before an appellate court, the court sided in his favor claiming that the contract was â€Å"substantively unconscionable† due to the fact that BellSouth still had the right to bring Christopher to court over different legal matters, giving them an â€Å"unfair advantage.† The case continued to go to trial court to see if the contract was â€Å"procedurally unconscionable† because of the small print of the arb itrational clause. Because Christopher was not fully forewarned about the arbitrational clause, and the fact that BellSouth took advantage of a client, BellSouth was found guilty (Hackbarth). A similar situation occurs in the case of Toppings v. Meritech Mortgage Services (MMS). An elderly couple, Margaret and Roger Toppings received a loan from Meritech Mortgage Services for thirty-seven thousand dollars with a monthly payment plan which would last for fifteen years, along with thirty-six thousand dollars in interest. Before signing the loan, the couple asked for the document to be explained. At the time, the MMS lawyer was not coherent with the document but told the couple to read it at home after signing the document. Upon reading the contract, the Toppings came across the amount to be repaid in interest and tried to bring MSS to court for trying to take advantage of the elderly.

Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack

Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools is an illustrative work by Berliner, an educational psychologist, and Biddle, a social psychologist, unfolds the the popualr myths about American school education that are prevalent in the American society.   It further explain the background of the creation of these myth and refute the popular beliefs on various grounds.He is of the view thatr since the publication of A Nation at Risk (1983), American society has fabricated various popular myths about their scholl educational system. He further narrates the nature of these beliefs and says that there are several distinct types of popular myths i.e. failure of Aemrican school system in general, declin in the college students’ performance   and the comparative failure to keep up with their fallow students in   advanced European and Asian countries measured against the developed parameters, better performance of private schools as compared with public schools, too much resource allocation for education but net result is not worth that spending and threat to American future due to the failure of these public school system. Berliner and Biddle consider these allegation as mere speculations and fabrication that has no real grounds. The arguments provided innthe books are not subjective and indivduals speculation but Berliner and Biddle’s arguments are developed by close analysis and interpretation of the data and decoding high-sounding polemical pronouncements. The pronouncements of these prominent scholars are based on quite fair assumptions and they closely assess the data to prove their points. The strength of their findings can be illustrated by the continuous advice offered to reader to aassess their findings on parameters they used for other contemporary educational critics who created the above-mentioned myths. At the very start, the book looks into the hidden agendas and motives of some distinguished educational critics and tries to pocate the reasons for that. The authors depict that by manufacturing some myth about the public sector school system, these scolars and intellectiauals serve the vested interests of pro-privatization groups. Berliner and Biddle further assersts in the past the assualt on public schools came from the same pro-privatization groups. They provide comprehensive data and manifest that all these attacks were repleted with fabricated myths faradulent assertions about the disadvantages of American Public School System. Berliner and Biddle illustrates that in reality this manufactured viewpoint is an epitome of organized malevolence that only serves the interests of some vested group in the education sector.And this creationof myth has deluded American nation about the true state of public school system and their triumphs for the last two decades. The fabrication of these myths need lobbying abd subtle penetration into the minds and psychology of the Amerrican people. Berliner and Biddle affirm that this viewpoint has been extensively propogated influential people within the govermental sector and outside, who â€Å"were pursuing a political agenda designed to weaken the nation's public schools, redistribute support for those schools so that privileged students are favored over needy students, or even abolish those schools altogether† (p. xii). Berliner and Biddle again reinforce the idea that provision of education to a diverse population on the mass scale is only possible through these public schools amd its structure is far more developed than depicted by the authors of manufactured realities. The intial chapters reveals the deceitfuil statements about the accomplishments and aptitudes of American students. They further explores the myths associated with huge spendings on the educations and its results. It further narrates the chrateristics of public school systems that are apprehensible to the critics of public schools. These chapter further illustrates the misapprehension in the mind of general public and root causes of prevalent public dissatisfaction with public education. Berliner and Biddle discloses that these critics intentionally disregard the   accomplishments of these public schools and only portrays the social and educational problems associted with these institutes. In the proceeding chapters, the authors analyze the mtives behind these manufactured criticism and dilemmas attributed to public school system.   Berliner and Biddle display that this criticism is dine in a subtle way but in response they do not put the blame of the critics and their believers but put social forces under allegations.They further appraise the suggestions of these critics for educational reforms of this system as poorply formulated ideas. The next chapter provide a cpmprehensive assessment of the real dilemmas faced by American educational system. Considers authtentic and productive criticism beneficial for public school system in particular and American educational sector in general but they further note that criticism to serve particular interets has also long tradition in the education sector. Berliner and Biddle note that there has been a long tradition of criticizing. They not only identifies the manufactured myths but also proves these myths as fake and fabricated with the help of data collected through various means. They further seek solutions to the real problems faced by the public schools in America. This book also considers the five Bracey reports on public education published annually by Phi Delta Kappan since 1991 and the 1994 PDK/Gallup poll as essential indicators of the realities about American School systems. Berliner and Biddle’s main focus was the manufactured crisis produced by various educational critics to undermine American Public school system and erosion of a sense of loss these manufactured myths has produced in the minds of American citizens about their educational system but thet further eloborated the various authentic criticism and suggested that the recommendation of these studies must be implemented to improve the system. They include their own recommendations in that list and says that the comiited forces together with appropriate educational research and compassion can eliminate this crisis and will mold it into success. For the above-mentioned reasons and others, The Manufactured Crisis is an well0doumented and illustrative work that can capacitate those who committed for the excellance in American school system to work in a more productive and reponsible way. Rerefences Berliner and Biddle.( 1995.) The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools. Addison Wesley.

Children Life Essay

1.1 Mention the characteristics and needs of children that should be taken into account when selecting suitable literature. Emotions: Identification: A child must be able to identify with the story. Enjoyment: They must be able to enjoy the story. Moderate emotion: should show some emotion. Security: Child should feel safe. Intellectual Abilities: The story must be logical (as much as possible) it should also be systematic and consistent. It is more convincing when written from child’s point of view. Normative development: Should be based on natural feeling for values, without any serious and obvious moralizing. 1.2 What is the value of media in telling a story? Mention five (5) points. Can improve the young child’s visual literacy – e.g. – red light means stop. Can improve visual skills – Acquires the skill of Depth perception. Will help achieve a better understanding of new concepts – pictures are a representation of reality; provide a bridge between the real representation of something and its abstract image. Can stimulate children to use creative language – can let them discuss interesting aspects of an illustration. Can advance the reading readiness of the child. – they need to make fine discriminations and to interpret a series of symbols in order to read and spell. 1.3 Explain how a child’s language development can be improved by telling and reading stories. List your points. Expanding vocabulary Improving oral Language Using Creative Language Creating a desire to read Listening skills 1.4 How does poetry foster development in young children? Refer to four (4) instances. Can be used to further the child’s total development Intellectual Conscious Emotional Imaginative 1.5 How does children’s literature promote intellectual development? Mention  five (5) ways. In aiding their discovery and refinement of new concepts. Cultivating their proficiency in a range of thinking processes. Furthering their ability to reason logically. Fostering their critical thinking. Introducing them to problem solving. Question 2 Discuss the characteristics of children in the following age groups and explain how this influences the choice of suitable literature. 2.1 Babies 2.2 Children aged one to three years 2.3 Children aged four to five years 2.4 Children in grade R 2.5 Children in the Foundation Phase 2.6 Babies: 2.7 Characteristics 2.8 Influences of suitable Literature They are busy discovering the world around them. They need continual repetition of what they know and what is familiar. Babies can only give their attention to an activity for a short time. It is vital for them to hear language. Simple pictures of objects so they will recognize them from their immediate environment. Not much details in pictures, only one subject. They should sit on your lap so their need for physical contact can be met. Pages should be strong so they cannot be damaged easily. Children aged one (1) to three (3) years: Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Rapid language development their vocabulary expands quickly, sentences put together become more correct and complete. Enormously interested in everything that happens around them. Enjoy repetition. Likes bright, cheerful colors and pictures. Becoming more skillful, can pick up something with their fingers. Beginning to take an interest in people, things and animals that is not a part of everyday life. Picture books from baby years still favorites. Picture books can now have themes outside immediate environment. Pictures should be bright, cheerful colors and can include a certain amount of detail. From 2 years, children are able to enjoy simple story books. Enjoy simple stories include a lot of repetition. Children of this age want to look at book themselves – ensure strong pages. Children aged four (4) to five (5) years: Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Interest has broadened to include more than themselves and environment. Interest in other people. Cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. 4 year old enjoy comical language, word games and words that represent sound. Enjoy obvious, silly jokes and often behave in rather silly ways themselves. Love exaggeration even when telling it themselves. Children of this age can now sit quietly and can concentrate for longer. Enjoys stories about â€Å"unknown†. Themes outside environment are perfectly appropriate. They enjoy and understand stories about events that â€Å"could† happen, however improbable. Funny stories, silly and full of exaggeration. Stories/books about people, animals and objects how to grow. They can look at a book for a longer period of time, and can listen attentively for longer. Favorite stories of 3 – 4 therefore suitable for this age group – not for long. Children in grade R Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature This age allows for broadening children’s understanding of the word around  them. 5 – 6 year olds can distinguish between fantasy and reality. Very inquisitive and eager to learn. Enjoy new discoveries and adventures. 6 year olds are no longer egocentric, and already have a more objective view of themselves and the world around them. 6 year olds begin to take an interest in no words and letters. 6 year olds with lots of exposure to books are keen and ready to be introduced to reading activities. 5 – 6 enjoys fantasies Like stories and books that convey info in a straight forward way. Simple adventure stories and books are suitable. Themes deal with less familiar, such as children from other countries. Children in the Foundation Phase Characteristics Influences of suitable Literature Children starting school are starting to read and gradually improve their mastering of this skill. When they start school they have a good grasp of the difference between fantasy and reality – of what can happen. Increasing responsible realization of right and wrong, and they begin to express their own judgment of right and wrong. Friends become extremely important and have an enormous influence on what a child wishes to do. Children develop an interest in hobbies – particularly in things they themselves can make or do. Stories with simple text that they can read. Enjoy fantasy tales, particularly those that are exaggeratedly â€Å"marvelous† (Roald Dahl) Books featuring descriptive language are also enjoyable, their stories must contain plenty action. Enjoy stories that teach them how to make things such as cook books. Humorous books.

Arnold Schoenberg essays

Arnold Schoenberg essays The most important Expressionist composer was Arnold Schoenberg. He was born in 1874 in Vienna to a poor Orthodox Jewish family. He took violin lessons when he was younger but had no other musical training. He began composing at about the age of eight. He gradually came to feel that tonality-the centuries-old harmonic basis of music, with its carefully ordered hierarchy of keys and its feeling of a single, central key for each movement or work-had outlived its usefulness. He began to develop a completely new system of musical organization. At first he called this system atonality-meaning that the music uses so many chromatic notes that no tonal center can be heard. Schoenberg wrote many atonal pieces, the most important being, Das Buch der bangenden Garten (The Book of the Hanging Gardens), Five Pieces for Orchestra, and Pierrot Lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot.) Schoenbergs music was not very popular and for several years he wrote no music at all. Atonality freed music from the straitjacket of tonality, but it had no organizing principle. In order to structure a piece with no keys Schoenberg had either made the pieces very short or held them together by text. A solution to the problem came with his new idea of the twelve-tone system. The twelve-tone system is an outgrowth of atonality, but has a strict unifying principle. The composer uses all the available notes, instead of just some of them (there are twelve notes in an octave, counting all the half steps.) But the notes are used in a strict order (established in advance by the composer), and this order must be followed throughout the piece. When the Nazis came to power in 1933 Schoenberg was summarily dismissed from his teaching job at the Academy of Arts in Berlin along with hundreds of thousands of Jews around Germany who lost their jobs. As a result, Schoenberg embraced Judaism more firmly than ever and many of his works including the orato...

Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor

Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor Definition A therapeutic metaphor is a  metaphor (or figurative comparison) used by a therapist to assist a client in the process of personal transformation, healing, and growth. Joseph Campbell attributed the broad appeal of metaphor to its inherent ability to establish or recognize connections, especially those connections that exist between emotions and past events (​The Power of Myth, 1988). In the book Imagery and Verbal Process (1979), Allan Paivio metaphorically characterized a therapeutic metaphor as a solar eclipse that hides the object of study and at the same time reveals some of its most salient and interesting characteristics when viewed through the right telescope. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorWhat Is a Metaphor? Examples and Observations Where description is the main function of a literary metaphor, altering, reinterpreting, and reframing are the main goals of the therapeutic metaphor. In order to achieve these, the therapeutic metaphor must evoke both the imagistic familiarity of the literary metaphor and a relational familiarity based on a sense of personal experience. The story itselfthe characters, events, and settingsmust speak to the common life experience of those listening, and it must do so in language that is familiar. An example from a modern fairy tale might be The Wizard of Oz (Baum, 1900), which functions as a metaphor for the common theme of searching for magical solutions somewhere outside the self. The image of a wicked witch, a good witch, a tinman, scarecrow, lion, and wizard all depict aspects of the listeners experience as mirrored in Dorothy.(Joyce C. Mills and R. J. Crowley, Therapeutic Metaphors for Children and the Child Within. Psychology Press, 2001) Extended Metaphors[T]herapists can corro borate the aptness of a metaphor [by helping to] construct a chain, to assist in weaving an elaborate web of correspondences that tease out additional ramifications and add new dimensions. Rather than presenting metaphors of their choosing, therapists can try to emphasize the raw material presented by clients, and, if possible, use the lead established by them to spin out further connections. In this fourth manner, they can exploit a natural aspect of language, lexico-semantic cohesion, as a strategy to densely layer semantic associations in jointly constructed extended metaphor.(Kathleen Ferrara, Therapeutic Ways With Words. Oxford University Press, 1994) The Power of Storytelling[T]he concept of therapeutic story-telling . . . [emphasizes] the power of metaphor to slip past the defences of the conscious mind.Such practitioners have little acquaintance with literary historyotherwise they would surely have recognized that their therapeutic metaphor amounts to little more than a relabelling of the time-honoured genres of allegory and fable. What is new is their highly individualised focus. Therapeutic stories, they maintain, must be constructed specifically to suit the emotional dynamics of individuals.(Hugh Crago, Bibliotherapy and Psychology. International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Hunt. Routledge, 2004)

Rene Descartes Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy Essay

Rene Descartes Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy - Essay Example He even questions whether at the time of his writing he is truly awake or is indeed in an unceasing dream. In the dream doubt argument, Descartes fears that his present experiences could all turn out to be a huge dream and that in the end senses can be deceitful. He writes, ‘How often, asleep at night, am I convinced of such familiar events – that I am here in my dressing-gown, sitting by the fire – when in fact I am lying undressed in bed... I see that there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep’ (Descartes, 1). He thus renders the verdict that the truest source of knowledge of science and life comes not from senses (which are deceitful) but from the mind. He hence holds that the data obtained from senses are not always true and that the only way to obtain reliable knowledge is through strict adherence to reason in all problems/ questions encountered in life (and science). Using dreams as evidence of the flaws in trusting one’s senses, Rene postulates that at the very least, our senses must be test ed and thoroughly examined to ascertain the truth in them. He argues that the possibility of tricking the senses into accepting a false dream world as real denotes that the simulated realities is a common phenomenon and one that mankind should watch out for. In this argument, one could be dreaming at a time of a discovery/ new insight/ belief or the whole of life could be a dream (inexistent). After arguing out the dream doubt, Rene wanders on to the evil genius doubt. Descartes hypothesizes that (since God is infinitely good and incapable of deceit) there is a malicious being (demon), wielding immense power and who is very cunning/ clever, that has gone on in all the aggression it is capable of to seamlessly deceive him (Descartes, 1). He therefore regards the earth and all in it as mere deceptions of an evil demon in order to alter his perception and reason of things. In

Aviation Safety Management Program Research Paper

Aviation Safety Management Program - Research Paper Example Management is crucial in any establishment, especially in a bid to guarantee a workplace that is devoid of injury, illness, and death, hence ensuring optimal health and safety of all stakeholders. Blue Coral Copters is an exemplary organizational model in dire need of a comprehensive safety program. Analysis of the helicopter tour company reveals significant flaws in its safety management approach and non-conformity to various Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) safety management principles. Even though the company has an exceptional safety record compared to the general aviation sector, it has lax guidelines on the same (Hudson et al., 1994). Like most helicopter tour companies, Blue Coral Copters seems to advocate for the thrill of rides around the Hawaiian island at the expense of guaranteeing safety for the pilots and tourists. Safe, effective and profitable operation of the tour company should be the principal aggregate goal of Blue Coral Copters. Every stakeholder, from the o wner and proprietor to pilots and maintenance crews, should strictly adhere to the safety principles recommended and contribute toward hazard reporting, risk management, and other safety agenda. Information on these aspects will be shared through safety management meetings and notice boards. Pilots in this organization are known for their electric performance. Additionally, they are people with a lot of experience ranging from military aviators as well as police pilots. However, they are only evaluated by Nick regardless of the fact that they fly using dissimilar perspectives and styles.

Does the governor of Texas need more power Essay

Does the governor of Texas need more power - Essay Example The debate has been mainly informed by the fact that there is a consensus that the governor of Texas has fairly less powers particularly when compared to governors’ offices of other states. Considering this fact, there is debate on whether the governor of Texas need more power or not. There are those who believe that the governor needs more powers in order to match the powers of governors in other states. On the other hand, there are those who believe that additional power is not necessary (Maxwell, Ernest and Adolfo 21). This paper will discuss why the governor of Texas does not need more powers. The Governor’s office in Texas is considered to be extremely weak especially when compared to the powers of governors in other states. A governor of Texas must use the charismatic ability, the power of media, personality and persuasion in order to govern the state more effectively (Brown 17). The power of the Texas state governor is weakened by the fact that the executive office powers are spread throughout a number of series of elected boards, commissions, and offices. Executive powers in Texas is what is termed as â€Å"plural executive† where there are several elected officials who share most of the powers invested typically in one office (Ginsberg 66). In Texas, voters elect several key offices that include the Attorney General, Comptroller of Public Accounts, and the Lieutenant Governor. Since these officials may not have a greater degree of loyalty to the governor and might therefore seek to undermine his term of office (Wilson 55). The powers of the Governor is further undermined by the fact that he has less influence in the budgeting process compared to governors of the other states around the United States of America. The state law allows the governor to transfer funds between agencies or programs to meet emergency needs, even though such process should be approved by the Legislative Budget Board (LBB). It should be noted

Autonomous Tennis Ball Picker Robot

Autonomous Tennis Ball Picker Robot The basic purpose of this project is to provide opportunity and benefit to the sports players. They can do more practice in less time with the help of this robot. Various different electronic devices were used to pick the tennis ball or any other ball. It is not so easy for any tennis player to pick a ball lot of times during practice. It affects his practice and time.Autonmous tennis ball picker robot will save the time of a player. He can do more practice in less time. This robot is not only for a tennis player .it is easy to use and cost effective. Our design is not only for tennis, it can also be used in other sports involving balls of similar size. Chapter 1: Introduction: In the tennis and sports equipment market, there are very few advanced electronic devices assisting in the feeding and picking of tennis balls or any other kind of balls. Tennis players do not prefer picking up over five hundred balls after a long days worth of drilling, or a baseball player would not enjoy picking up over five hundred baseballs on the ground from batting practice. As a result, our solution is an autonomous ball-picker device that is easy-to-use and cost-effective. Our design can be used for a variety of sports besides tennis, involving balls of similar size and weight. Chapter 2: Literature Review This Chapter is a review of the background material. This includes comparison of previous devices used for same purpose. it also includes the way how this robot is more effective then previous.? Chapter 3: Modeling and Design This Chapter describes the modeling of different parts of our robot. And all the various other Design decisions and selections made throughout the course of the project. Chapter 4: Experimental setup This Chapter describes in detail the techniques used in our robot. It contains the detection of the ball, design of user interface and all other aspects of the project. Chapter 5: Results and Discussion This chapter provides a result of the project in which the key points of the project are Discussed and any specific conclusions are drawn Chapter 6: Recommendation This chapter is an analysis of the project in terms of overall performance and working. It also contains overview and recommendation of experts Chapter 1 Introduction Professional tennis matches can last upward of 3 hours, often with little more than 10 minute of rest in- Between sets .The need to train for such endurance matches becomes difficult without a partner of Adequate skill. For decades, tennis players have been using automatic tennis ball launching machines to train without the need of a partner. Therefore, it is determined that using current technology, a player will spend ~35%of the total time collecting tennis ball, and not training. This is a large proportion of the time, and needs to be reduced to truly emulate a tennis match. There are certain method of automatically collecting tennis ball ,as will be investigated in section 3 Proposed Solution ,but the e are not portable, and require extensive modification to the tennis court. 1.1 Needs Assessment There is a need to improve upon the experience of the solo practice sessions of ball sport athletes by Extending the duration of consecutive shots, kicks or swing of the soloist through the conception of a ball-gathering system that operates while the solo athlete is in practice. Current practice session duration are limited by the number of balls initially loaded into the automatic ball launchers .At the end of practice sessions, or during intermissions, the ball must be manually picked up. Existing automatic ball return systems are not portable and cannot be used in conventional courts. 1.2 Goal Statement The solution shall serve as a tool to improve the solo practice experience by gathering stray balls in Conventional practice environments and returning them to the user, or a more desirable location. The System shall also be relatively portable, and address the need of requiring manual collection of stray balls Following each practice session. 1.3 Human Controlled Manual Pickup Human controlled manual pickup involves the use of a tool such a those seen in Figure 1: Manua Tennis Ball Collection Mechanism .This type of solution require the user to top hi /her training session in order to both collect the ball and load them back into the launching device. This solution will score well in the area of cost and portability, but will obviously rank very low in terms of speed. LITRATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction: Any mechanical device which can be programmed to perform a number of tasks involving manipulation and movement under automatic control. The term robot suggests a machine that has a humanlike appearance. A robot is a system that has sensors, control system, manipulation power supplies and softwares that work together and perform a task. Designing, building, programming and testing a robot is a combination of physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and computing. A study of robotics means that students are actively engaged with all of these disciplines in a deeply problem-posing problem-solving environment. A robot has these essential characteristics: Sensing First of the robot should have an ability to sense its surroundings. It would not sense in that we sense our surroundings. Movement A robot needs to be able to move around its environment. Whether rolling on wheels, walking on legs or propelling by thrusters a robot needs to be able to move. To count as a robot either the whole robot moves, like the Sojourner or just parts of the robot moves, like the Canada Arm. Energy A robot needs to be able to power itself. A robot might be solar powered, electrically powered, battery powered. The way your robot gets its energy will depend on what your robot needs to do. Intelligence A robot needs some kind of smarts. This is where programming enters the pictures. A programmer is the person who gives the robot its smarts. The robot will have to have some way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do. 2.2 History: A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. The beginning of the robots may be traced to the Greek engineer Ctesibius. In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon. Hero of Alexandria (10-70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water. In the 3rd century BC text of the Lie Zi, there is a curious account on automata involving a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (Chinese emperor 10th century BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an artificer. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork made of leather, wood, and artificial organs. Al-Jazari (1136-1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata powered by water, and programmable automata. The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations. 2.3 Modern era evolution in robotics technology: In these days robotics technology has progressed much more than early nineteenth century. Many new technologies have been invented. Robots are used in many fields as discussed below 2.3.1 Industrial robots (manipulating): An industrial robot is officially defined by International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in (ISO 8373). Which is Automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more then three axes which may be either fixed physically or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. The typical applications of industrial robot are wilding painting, assembly, pick and place, packaging, product inspection, testing, all accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precision. 2.3.2 Service robot: Most commonly the industrial robots are physically fixed and have manipulators and robotics arms for the production and distribution of goods. The International Federation of Robotics gives the definition of service robot which is The service robot is a robot which operates semi or fully automatically to perform services useful to the well being of humans and equipment, excluding manufacturing operations. 2.3.3 Military robots: The robots are also used for military purpose. Such types of robots are autonomous or remote controlled robots. There have been some developments towards developing autonomous fighter jets and bombers. The use of autonomous fighters and bombers to destroy enemy targets is especially promising because of the lack of training required for robotic pilots; autonomous planes are capable of performing maneuvers which couldnt otherwise be done with human pilots. 2.3.4 Mobile robot: These types of robots have capability to move around in their environment, they are not fixed to the physical location. The best example of the modern robot that is commonly used in these days is Automated Ground Vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. 2.3.4.1 Classifications: A mobile may classified by: The environment in which they travel: Humanoid. Autonomous underwater vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles. The sources they use to move mainly are: Human like legs. Wheeled robots. Tracks. 2.3.4.2 Mobile robot navigation: There are many types of mobile navigation. 2.3.4.3 Manual remote This type of robot is totally under control of a person with the help of some joystick or with the help of any other controlling device. The device may be plugged directly into the robot, may be a wireless joystick. 2.3.4.4 Line-following robot Some of the earliest Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) were line following mobile robots. They might follow a visual line painted or embedded in the floor or ceiling or an electrical wire in the floor. Most of these robots operated a simple keep the line in the center sensor algorithm. Mathematical modeling 3.1 Modeling of structure: (2) Where b is the damping force We also know that b = rolling resistance + air drag Rolling resistance =  µmg Air drag =  ½Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¡dA (V+Và ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â€š ¬) ² So we get b =  µmg +  ½Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¡dA (V+Và ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â€š ¬) ² Where à Ã‚  = air density Cd = air resistance A=front resistance coefficient V=vehicle speed Và ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â€š ¬=head wind velocity We know that the driving force is given as: Where T = torque ÃŽÂ · = transmission coefficient ir = over all gear ratio rd = radius of tire Now put driving force in equation (2) We know that T=Kti Put in above equation Now Take Laplace By taking common = 3.2 DC Motor Speed Modeling: Where e =back emf so Put in equation (1) By taking Laplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (1) Where Where K=constant i=armature current Put the value of T in above equation Take Laplace Put value of from equation (1) Material use We are using aluminum due to following properties Aluminum is a very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 g/cm3, about a third that of steel. the use of aluminum in vehicles reduces dead-weight and energy consumption while increasing load capacity Aluminum is ductile and has a low melting point and density Dc motor We are using power window motor due to high torque because in this motor worm gears which is best for producing very much torque and sufficient speed Design